Breastfeeding moderates the association of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status with offspring body composition at 30 years.

Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index is positively associated with offspring obesity, even at adulthood, whereas breastfeeding decreases the risk of obesity. The present study was aimed at assessing whether breastfeeding moderates the association of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index with offspring body composition at adulthood, using data from 3439 subjects enrolled in a southern Brazilian birth cohort. At 30 years of age, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index was positively associated with offspring prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, as well as body mass index and fat and lean mass index. Breastfeeding moderated the association of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity with offspring adiposity at 30 years of age. For those breastfed<6 months, body mass index was 4.13 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 2.98; 5.28) higher among offspring of obese mothers, in relation to offspring of normal weight mothers, whereas among those breastfed≥6 months the magnitude of the difference was small [2.95 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 1.17; 4.73)], p-value for interaction = 0.03. Concerning obesity, among those who had been breastfed < 6 months, the prevalence of obesity was 2.56 (95% confidence interval: 1.98; 3.31) times higher among offspring of obese mothers. On the other hand, among those who were breastfed ≥ 6 months, the prevalence of obesity was 1.82 (95% confidence interval: 1.09; 3.04) times higher among offspring of obese mothers. Therefore, among overweight mothers breastfeeding for more than 6 months should be supported, as it may mitigate the consequences of maternal overweight on offspring body composition.

High-Fat, High-Calorie Breast Milk in Women with Overweight or Obesity and Its Association with Maternal Serum Insulin Concentration and Triglycerides Levels.

The childhood obesity epidemic continues to be a challenge. Maternal obesity and excessive infant weight gain are strong predictors of childhood obesity, which itself is a major risk factor for adult obesity. The primary source of nutrition during early life is breast milk, and its composition is impacted by maternal habitus and diet. We thus studied the relationship between maternal BMI, serum lipids and insulin, and breast milk fat and calorie content from foremilk to hindmilk. Women who were exclusively breastfeeding at 7-8 weeks postpartum were BMI classified as Normal (18.5-24.9, n = 9) and women with Overweight/Obese (OW/OB ≥ 25, n = 13). Maternal blood and continuous breast milk samples obtained from foremilk to hindmilk were analyzed, and infant milk intake was assessed. Women with OW/OB had significantly higher milk fat and calorie content in the first foremilk and last hindmilk sample as compared to Normal BMI women. Amongst all women, maternal serum triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA were significantly correlated with foremilk triglyceride concentration, suggesting that maternal serum triglyceride and insulin action contribute to human milk fat content. As the milk fat content of OW/OB women has caloric implications for infant growth and childhood obesity, these results suggest the potential for modulating milk fat content by a reduction in maternal serum lipids or insulin.

Sex-Dependent Variations in Hypothalamic Fatty Acid Profile and Neuropeptides in Offspring Exposed to Maternal Obesity and High-Fat Diet.

Maternal obesity and/or high-fat diet (HF) consumption can disrupt appetite regulation in their offspring, contributing to transgenerational obesity and metabolic diseases. As fatty acids (FAs) play a role in appetite regulation, we investigated the maternal and fetal levels of FAs as potential contributors to programmed hyperphagia observed in the offspring of obese dams. Female mice were fed either a control diet (CT) or HF prior to mating, and fetal and maternal blood and tissues were collected at 19 days of gestation. Elevated levels of linoleic acid were observed in the serum of HF dams as well as in the serum of their fetuses. An increased concentration of eicosadienoic acid was also detected in the hypothalamus of female HF-O fetuses. HF-O male fetuses showed increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (Npy) gene expression, while HF-O female fetuses showed decreased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein content. Both male and female fetuses exhibited reduced hypothalamic neurogenin 3 (NGN-3) gene expression. In vitro experiments confirmed that LA contributed to the decreased gene expression of Pomc and Ngn-3 in neuronal cells. During lactation, HF female offspring consumed more milk and had a higher body weight compared to CT. In summary, this study demonstrated that exposure to HF prior to and during gestation alters the FA composition in maternal serum and fetal serum and hypothalamus, particularly increasing n-6, which may play a role in the switch from POMC to NPY neurons, leading to increased weight gain in the offspring during lactation.

Temperature curve of raw human milk heated by different methods: experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temperature curve of raw or pasteurized human milk exposed to different heating methods. METHOD: Experiments with volumes of 5 ml to 100 ml of human milk were carried out between 2016 and 2021 and analyzed according to the exposure time by different heating methods. Descriptive statistics included the calculation of means, medians, minimum and maximum values, measures of dispersion and standard deviation. RESULTS: The thermal curve made it possible to identify the heating of human milk close to body temperature when subjected to a water bath and microwaves. Milk exposed to room temperature (21°C) was unable to reach this temperature. When heated in a water bath at 40°C, smaller volumes reached body temperature between 3 and 5 minutes, while in a microwave at 50% power, practically all volumes reached temperature. CONCLUSION: The temperature curves of raw or pasteurized human milk were constructed, and it was possible to verify its behavior using different heating methods for administering the food in a neonatal intensive care unit, considering the volume, type and time of heating and temperature.

Initial nipple damages in breastfeeding women: analysis of photographic images and clinical associations / Lesiones tempranas del pezón derivadas de la lactancia materna: análisis de imágenes fotográficas y asociaciones clínicas / Lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação: análise de imagens fotográficas e associações clínicas

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the initial nipple damage degree by breastfeeding practice and to associate findings with clinical manifestations of breastfeeding women. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional study with primary data and photographic images database from two randomized clinical trials. Photographic images were analyzed by two independent evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score. For analysis, the chi-square, Mann-Whitney tests and Kappa coefficient were applied. Results: 115 breastfeeding women and their respective 186 photographic images were analyzed. The degree of agreement of evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score was 93.6%. The nipple pain score during breastfeeding was moderate and compromised more than 25% of the nipple surface area. Conclusions: assistance to breastfeeding women should prioritize nipple pain intensity instead of the nipple damage size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el grado de afectación tisular en las lesiones tempranas del pezón resultantes de la lactancia materna y asociar los hallazgos con las manifestaciones clínicas de las mujeres que amamantan. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal, con datos primarios y banco de imágenes fotográficas de dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Las imágenes fotográficas fueron analizadas por dos evaluadores independientes, utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score. Para el análisis se aplicaron las pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado, Mann-Whitney y coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: se analizaron 115 mujeres lactantes y sus respectivas 186 imágenes fotográficas. El grado de acuerdo de los evaluadores utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score fue del 93,6%. El nivel de dolor en el pezón durante la lactancia es moderado y existe presencia de lesiones del pezón con más del 25% de la superficie del pezón comprometida. Conclusiones: la asistencia a la mujer lactante debe priorizar el nivel de dolor que presenta en detrimento del tamaño de la lesión del pezón.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o grau de comprometimento tecidual das lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação e associar achados com as manifestações clínicas de mulheres em amamentação. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, transversal, envolvendo o uso de dados primários e de banco de imagens fotográficas provenientes de dois ensaios clínicos randomizados. Imagens fotográficas foram analisadas por duas avaliadoras independentes a partir do instrumento Nipple Trauma Score. Para análise, aplicou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado, Mann-Whitney e coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: foram analisadas 115 lactantes e respectivas 186 imagens fotográficas. O grau de concordância das avaliadoras pelo instrumento Nipple Trauma Score foi de 93,6%. O nível de dor mamilar encontrado durante as mamadas é moderado e há presença de lesões mamilares com mais de 25% de área da superfície do mamilo comprometida. Conclusões: a assistência a mulheres que amamentam deve priorizar o nível de dor apresentado em detrimento do tamanho da lesão mamilar.

Initial nipple damages in breastfeeding women: analysis of photographic images and clinical associations.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the initial nipple damage degree by breastfeeding practice and to associate findings with clinical manifestations of breastfeeding women. METHODS: a retrospective, cross-sectional study with primary data and photographic images database from two randomized clinical trials. Photographic images were analyzed by two independent evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score. For analysis, the chi-square, Mann-Whitney tests and Kappa coefficient were applied. RESULTS: 115 breastfeeding women and their respective 186 photographic images were analyzed. The degree of agreement of evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score was 93.6%. The nipple pain score during breastfeeding was moderate and compromised more than 25% of the nipple surface area. CONCLUSIONS: assistance to breastfeeding women should prioritize nipple pain intensity instead of the nipple damage size.

Factors associated with postpartum depression symptoms among postpartum women in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine factors associated with postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic among postpartum women in five countries, a subject that has not been investigated thus far. METHODS: A multi-country, cross-sectional, online survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 3,523 postpartum women in Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom, from July to November 2021. Sociodemographic and obstetric data, food insecurity, COVID-19 positive status, COVID-19 vaccination, infant feeding, breastfeeding belief score, and social support were investigated. PPD and social support were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Maternal Social Support Scale, respectively. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and t-tests were used to identify associations with PPD symptoms. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify explanatory factors associated with PPD and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Women in Taiwan (AOR = 0.5; 95%CI 0.34, 0.73) and Thailand (AOR = 0.68; 95%CI 0.46, 0.99) had a lower risk of PPD symptoms than those in Brazil. In addition, women with planned pregnancies had a lower risk of PPD (AOR = 0.74; 95%CI 0.60, 0.91). Younger women (AOR = 1.62; 95%CI 1.05, 2.51), health problems during pregnancy, delivery, or postpartum (AOR = 1.71; 95%CI 1.42, 2.06), and no change or worse food insecurity during COVID-19 (AOR = 1.66; 95%CI 1.21, 1.27 for no change and AOR = 1.68; 95%CI 1.27, 1.23, respectively) presented a higher likelihood of having PPD. Feeding babies with expressed human milk (AOR = 1.25; 95%CI 1.03, 1.50) and/or complementary food (AOR = 1.51; 95%CI 1.17, 1.94) were associated with PPD symptoms. Women who received low (AOR = 7.74; 95%CI 5.43, 11.03) or medium support (AOR = 3.25; 95%CI 2.71, 3.88) had higher likelihoods of PPD. CONCLUSION: PPD symptoms during the pandemic were high in young women, particularly Brazilian women, with health problems in the puerperal pregnancy cycle who fed their babies expressed breast milk and/or complementary food. Low social support also impacted PPD symptoms. This study highlights the need for the professional screening for PPD and provision of virtual or personal support.

Associations between breastfeeding intention, breastfeeding practices and post-natal depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country cross-sectional study.

Associations between breastfeeding intention, duration and post-natal depression (PND) have been shown in pre-COVID-19 studies. However, studies during COVID-19 have not examined the associations between breastfeeding intention, breastfeeding practices, and PND in an international sample of post-natal women, taking into consideration COVID-19 related factors. This is the first study to address this gap as both PND and breastfeeding may be affected by COVID-19, and have important long-term effects on women's and infant's health. A cross-sectional internet-based survey was conducted with 3253 post-natal women from five countries: Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom from July to November 2021. The results showed that women who intended to breastfeed during pregnancy had lower odds of having PND than women who did not intend to. Women who had no breastfeeding intention but actually breastfed had greater odds (AOR 1.75) of having PND than women who intended to breastfeed and actually breastfed. While there was no statistical significance in expressed breast milk feeding in multivariable logistic regression models, women who had shorter duration of breastfeeding directly on breast than they planned had greater odds (AOR 1.58) of having PND than those who breastfed longer than they planned even after adjusting for covariates including COVID-19-related variables. These findings suggested the importance of working with women on their breastfeeding intention. Tailored support is required to ensure women's breastfeeding needs are met and at the same time care for maternal mental health during and beyond the pandemic.

Ansiedade materna e sua interferência na autoeficácia para amamentação / Ansiedad materna y su interferencia en la autoeficacia para la lactancia / Maternal anxiety and its interference in breastfeeding self-efficacy

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a relação entre os sintomas de ansiedade materna com a autoeficácia para a amamentação e a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Métodos Estudo de coorte prospectivo, desenvolvido num Centro de Aleitamento Materno de um hospital universitário do município de São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída por 83 puérperas, acompanhadas até 210 dias após o parto. Foram utilizadas a Subescala de Ansiedade da Escala de Depressão Pós-natal de Edimburgo e a Escala de Autoeficácia para Amamentação. Resultados A média de escore total de ansiedade foi 3,76 pontos e da autoeficácia materna para amamentar 128,58. Ao longo dos meses os sintomas de ansiedade e a autoeficácia para amamentação apresentaram comportamento semelhante e não significativos estatisticamente. São fatores de risco associados ao incremento dos sintomas ansiosos: aborto, história prévia de depressão, queixa em relação a si mesma, relacionamento familiar e conjugal insatisfatório, piora na relação com o parceiro após o nascimento do bebê e menor autoeficácia materna para amamentação, refletidos nos domínios técnico e pensamentos intrapessoais. O tempo entre a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a ansiedade não foi estatisticamente diferente. Conclusão As puérperas investigadas apresentaram elevada prevalência de sintomatologia ansiosa, com interferência significativa na percepção e confiança em sua capacidade e habilidade materna de amamentar com sucesso o bebê. Não houve associação entre os sintomas de ansiedade e o desmame precoce.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la relación entre los síntomas de ansiedad materna y la autoeficacia para la lactancia y la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Métodos Estudio de cohorte prospectivo, realizado en un Centro de Lactancia Materna de un hospital universitario en el municipio de São Paulo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 83 puérperas, a quienes se les realizó un seguimiento hasta los 210 días después del parto. Se utilizó la Subescala de Ansiedad de la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo y la Escala de Autoeficacia para la Lactancia. Resultados El promedio de la puntuación total de ansiedad fue de 3,76 puntos y de autoeficacia materna para la lactancia 128,58. A lo largo de los meses, los síntomas de ansiedad y la autoeficacia para la lactancia presentaron un comportamiento semejante y no significativo estadísticamente. Los factores de riesgo asociados al aumento de los síntomas ansiosos son: aborto, historia previa de depresión, queja con relación a sí misma, relación familiar y conyugal insatisfactoria, deterioro en la relación con la pareja luego del nacimiento del bebé y menor autoeficacia materna para la lactancia, reflejados en los dominios técnico y pensamientos intrapersonales. El tiempo entre la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la ansiedad no fue estadísticamente diferente. Conclusión Las puérperas investigadas presentaron una elevada prevalencia de sintomatología ansiosa, con interferencia significativa en la percepción y confianza de su capacidad y habilidad materna de amamantar con éxito al bebé. No hubo asociación entre los síntomas de ansiedad y el destete temprano.

Abstract Objective To analyze the relationship of maternal anxiety symptoms with breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods Prospective cohort study developed in a Breastfeeding Center of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 83 postpartum women in follow-up for 210 days after delivery. The Anxiety Subscale of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale were used. Results The mean total score for anxiety was 3.76 points and for maternal self-efficacy to breastfeed was 128.58. Over the months, anxiety symptoms and breastfeeding self-efficacy showed similar behavior and were not statistically significant. The following risk factors were associated with the increase in anxiety symptoms: abortion, previous history of depression, complaints about oneself, unsatisfactory family and marital relationships, worsening of the relationship with the partner after the baby was born and lower maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, reflected in the technique domain and intrapersonal thoughts domain. The time between cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and anxiety was not statistically different. Conclusion The investigated postpartum women had a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms, with significant interference in the perception and confidence in their ability and maternal capability to successfully breastfeed the baby. There was no association between anxiety symptoms and early breastfeeding cessation.

Temperature curve of raw human milk heated by different methods: experimental study / Curva de temperatura de la leche humana cruda sometida a calentamiento por diferentes métodos: estudio experimental / Curva de temperatura do leite humano cru submetido à aquecimento por diferentes métodos: estudo experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the temperature curve of raw or pasteurized human milk exposed to different heating methods. Method: Experiments with volumes of 5 ml to 100 ml of human milk were carried out between 2016 and 2021 and analyzed according to the exposure time by different heating methods. Descriptive statistics included the calculation of means, medians, minimum and maximum values, measures of dispersion and standard deviation. Results: The thermal curve made it possible to identify the heating of human milk close to body temperature when subjected to a water bath and microwaves. Milk exposed to room temperature (21°C) was unable to reach this temperature. When heated in a water bath at 40°C, smaller volumes reached body temperature between 3 and 5 minutes, while in a microwave at 50% power, practically all volumes reached temperature. Conclusion: The temperature curves of raw or pasteurized human milk were constructed, and it was possible to verify its behavior using different heating methods for administering the food in a neonatal intensive care unit, considering the volume, type and time of heating and temperature.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la curva de temperatura de la leche humana cruda o pasteurizada expuesta a diferentes métodos de calentamiento. Método: Se realizaron experimentos con volúmenes de 5 ml a 100 ml de leche humana entre 2016 y 2021 y se analizaron en función del tiempo de exposición mediante diferentes métodos de calentamiento. La estadística descriptiva incluyó el cálculo de medias, medianas, valores mínimos y máximos, medidas de dispersión y desviación estándar. Resultados: La curva térmica permitió identificar el calentamiento de la leche humana próximo a la temperatura corporal cuando se sometió a baño maría y microondas. La leche expuesta a temperatura ambiente (21°C) fue incapaz de alcanzar esta temperatura. Cuando se calentó en un baño de agua a 40°C, los volúmenes más pequeños alcanzaron la temperatura corporal entre 3 y 5 minutos, mientras que en un microondas al 50% de potencia, prácticamente todos los volúmenes alcanzaron la temperatura. Conclusión: Se construyeron las curvas de temperatura de la leche humana cruda o pasteurizada y se pudo comprobar su comportamiento utilizando diferentes métodos de calentamiento para administrar el alimento en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, teniendo en cuenta el volumen, el tipo y el tiempo de calentamiento y la temperatura.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a curva de temperatura do leite humano cru ou pasteurizado exposto a diferentes métodos de aquecimento. Método: Experimentos com volumes de 5 ml a 100 ml de leite humano foram realizados entre 2016 e 2021 e analisados segundo o tempo de exposição por diferentes métodos de aquecimento. A estatística descritiva incluiu o cálculo das médias, medianas, valores mínimos e máximos, medidas de dispersão e desvio padrão. Resultados: A curva térmica permitiu identificar o aquecimento do leite humano próximo da temperatura corporal quando submetidos a banho-maria e micro-ondas. O leite exposto à temperatura ambiente (21°C) não foi capaz de atingir tal temperatura. No aquecimento em banho-maria a 40°C, volumes menores alcançaram a temperatura corporal entre 3 e 5 minutos, enquanto em micro-ondas na potência de 50%, praticamente todos os volumes alcançaram essa temperatura. Conclusão: As curvas de temperatura do leite humano cru ou pasteurizado foram construídas, sendo possível verificar o seu comportamento mediante diferentes métodos de aquecimento para administração do alimento em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, considerando o volume, tipo e tempo de aquecimento e temperatura.

Protective measures feasibility for infants of low income SARS-CoV-2 positive breastfeeding mothers: a prospective multicenter cohort study.

AIM: The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of protective measures for infants of low-income SARS-CoV-2 positive breastfeeding mothers. BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding mothers with SARS-CoV-2 positive should avoid exposing the infant through protective measures (PM), but it could be challenging in a low-income population. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter study was conducted between July and October 2020 (BRACOVID). The participants were recruited at birth and interviewed through a structured questionnaire at seven and 14 days in the home environment. The feasibility of PM during breastfeeding at home was defined by guidelines recommendations (mask using, handwashing, and distancing from newborn when not breastfeeding). Three groups according to the feasibility of guidelines: complete guidelines feasibility (CG): all PM; partial guidelines feasibility (PG): at least one PM feasible; no guidelines (NG): infeasibility to all of PM. Flu-like neonatal symptoms, mothers' breastfeeding practices. We evaluated the association between PM feasibility and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: 117 infected mothers from 17 Brazilian hospitals were enrolled. 47 (40%) mothers followed all recommendations, 14 (11.9%) could not practice at least one recommendation, and 50 (42.7%) did not execute any of them. The breastfeeding rate was 98%. Factors associated with infeasibility were monthly family income < 92.7 dollars/person, high housing density (>1 inhabitant/room), teenage mothers, responsive feeding, and poor schooling. Regarding infants' flu-like symptoms, 5% presented symptoms at fourteen days (NG group). CONCLUSION: The guidelines were not applied to infants of SARs-CoV-positive mothers in 54.6% of the dyads since the recommendations were unviable in their environments. During pandemics, we should look for feasible and effective guidelines to protect neonates from low-income populations. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Poor socioeconomic conditions lead to the unfeasibility of protective measures for infants of low-income SARS-CoV-2 positive breastfeeding mothers during the isolation period in the pandemics. The orientations and the support provided to dyad should consider the socioeconomic factors to guide feasible measures in the home environment and promote adequate protections; only an individual approach will allow a safe environment for low-income infants.

Impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding intention and behaviour among postpartum women in five countries.

BACKGROUND: Studies regarding the impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding have mostly used single- country samples or a qualitative design. AIM: The objective of this study was to examine breastfeeding intention during pregnancy and breastfeeding behaviour among postpartum women in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated factors. METHODS: An online questionnaire survey was conducted in Thailand, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Taiwan, and Brazil from July through November 2021. The study participants included 3253 mothers within six months of birth. FINDINGS: About 90% of participants intended to breastfeed during pregnancy and 85.7% reported breastfeeding in the past 24 h. More than half reported their breastfeeding duration being as planned or longer despite COVID-19. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that being multiparous, ever tested COVID-19 positive, and having positive breastfeeding beliefs were associated with increased odds for intention to breastfeed during pregnancy. Lower maternal educational level, being primiparous, ever tested COVID-19 positive, and experiencing food insecurity were associated with decreased odds for breastfeeding duration being as planned or longer. Vaginal birth, currently working or on maternity leave, breastfeeding beliefs, breastfeeding support from spouse/partner/friend/relative, online support groups, and in-person or telephone contact with healthcare professionals were associated with increased odds for breastfeeding duration being as planned or longer. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding intention and behaviour remained high during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online support groups and telephone contact with health professionals were effective during the pandemic.

Construction and validation of an instrument for classifying nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding / Construcción y validación de un instrumento para la clasificación de las lesiones areolares del pezón derivadas de la lactancia / Construção e validação de um instrumento de classificação das lesões mamilo-areolares decorrentes da amamentação

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and validate a classification of nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding, according to content and appearance. Methods: this is a methodological study, developed in four stages: operational definition, instrument construction, content and appearance validation. The Delphi technique and a Likert-type scale were used to validate content and appearance, through the participation of ten and sixteen judges, respectively. For analysis, Content Validity Index and Kappa Coefficient were applied. Results: Content Validity Index obtained an overall value of 0.93 and, for appearance, 0.94. Kappa values ranged between 0.46 and 1. The high rates of agreement among judges demonstrated the quality of the proposed content validity. Conclusions: the Nipple and Areola Complex Lesions Classification Instrument developed obtained acceptable values of its indexes, proving to be valid in terms of content and appearance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: construir y validar una clasificación de las lesiones pezón-areolares resultantes de la lactancia materna según su contenido y apariencia. Métodos: estudio metodológico, desarrollado en cuatro etapas: definición operativa, construcción del instrumento, validación de contenido y apariencia. Para validar contenido y apariencia se utilizó la técnica Delphi y la escala tipo Likert, mediante la participación de diez y dieciséis jueces, respectivamente. Para el análisis se aplicó el Índice de Validez de Contenido y el Coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: el Índice de Validez de Contenido obtuvo un valor global de 0,93 y, por apariencia, 0,94. Los valores de Kappa oscilaron entre 0,46 y 1. Las altas tasas de acuerdo entre los jueces demostraron la calidad de la validez del contenido propuesto. Conclusiones: el Instrumento de Clasificación de Lesiones Pezón-Areolares desarrollado obtuvo valores aceptables para sus índices, demostrando ser válido en términos de contenido y apariencia.

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e validar uma classificação das lesões mamilo-areolares decorrentes da amamentação segundo conteúdo e aparência. Métodos: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em quatro etapas: definição operacional, construção do instrumento, validação de conteúdo e de aparência. Utilizaram-se a técnica Delphi e a escala tipo Likert para a validação de conteúdo e de aparência, por meio da participação de dez e dezesseis juízes, respectivamente. Para análise, aplicou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e o Coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo obteve valor global de 0,93 e, de aparência, 0,94. Os valores de Kappa variaram entre 0,46 e 1. As altas taxas de concordância entre os juízes demonstraram a qualidade da validade de conteúdo proposta. Conclusões: o Instrumento de Classificação das Lesões Mamilo-Areolares desenvolvido obteve valores aceitáveis de seus índices, mostrando-se válido quanto ao conteúdo e aparência.

LATCH como ferramenta sistematizada para avaliação da técnica de amamentação na maternidade / LATCH como herramienta sistematizada para evaluar la técnica de lactancia en la maternidad / LATCH as a systematic tool for assessment of the breastfeeding technique in maternity

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as dificuldades das mulheres relacionadas à técnica de amamentação, segundo a escala LATCH e verificar relações com as características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e neonatais. Métodos Estudo analítico transversal com mulheres e respectivos filhos únicos em aleitamento materno exclusivo entre junho e dezembro de 2015. Os escores individuais e total da escala LATCH foram usados para avaliar a técnica de amamentação, considerando-se as dificuldades das mulheres para amamentar e as horas de vida da criança. Os testes Qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher, Kruskal-Wallis e um modelo linear generalizado foram usados para avaliar as relações entre os escores da LATCH e as características sociodemográficas, clínicas e obstétricas. Resultados Dentre as 162 duplas mãe-filho analisadas, as crianças com mais 48 horas de vida apresentaram menos dificuldades em relação à pega (p=0,002), à deglutição audível (p<0,001) e ao posicionamento (p<0,001). No item conforto, as puérperas com filhos com <24 horas de vida apresentaram menos dor (p=0,004). O LATCH foi menor para as mulheres com cirurgia mamária prévia (p=0,005), com filhos prematuros (p=0,011), peso menor de 2.500 gramas (p=0,006) e com <24 horas de vida. Conclusão O uso do LATCH foi útil na análise das dificuldades da técnica de amamentação das mulheres durante a fase da internação, considerando as características da mulher e da criança.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las dificultades de las mujeres relacionadas con la técnica de lactancia, de acuerdo con la escala LATCH y verificar relaciones con características sociodemográficas, obstétricas y neonatales. Métodos Estudio analítico transversal con mujeres y sus respectivos hijos únicos en lactancia materna exclusiva entre julio y diciembre de 2015. La puntuación individual y total de la escala LATCH fue utilizada para evaluar la técnica de lactancia, considerando las dificultades de las mujeres para amamantar y las horas de vida del bebé. Para evaluar las relaciones entre la puntuación de LATCH y las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y obstétricas, se utilizó la prueba χ2 de Pearson, la prueba exacta de Fisher, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y un modelo lineal generalizado. Resultados Entre los 162 binomios madre e hijo analizados, los niños con más de 48 horas de vida presentaron menos dificultades con relación a la prendida (p=0,002), a la deglución audible (p<0,001) y a la colocación (p<0,001). En el área comodidad, las puérperas con hijos de <24 horas de vida presentaron menor dolor (p=0,004). La puntuación LATCH fue menor en mujeres con cirugía mamaria previa (p=0,005), con hijos prematuros (p=0,011), peso inferior a 2500 gramos (p=0,006) y con <24 horas de vida. Conclusión El uso de la escala LATCH fue útil para analizar las dificultades de la técnica de lactancia de mujeres durante la fase de internación, considerando las características de la mujer y del niño.

Abstract Objective To analyze women's difficulties related to the breastfeeding technique according to the LATCH tool and assess the relationships with sociodemographic, obstetric and neonatal characteristics. Methods Cross-sectional analytical study with women in a single birth and their children in exclusive breastfeeding between June and December 2015. The individual and total scores of the LATCH tool were used to assess the breastfeeding technique, considering women's difficulties to breastfeed and the child's hours of life. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and a generalized linear model were used to assess the relationships between LATCH scores and sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric characteristics. Results Among the 162 mother-child pairs analyzed, children over 48 hours of life presented less difficulties in relation to latching (p=0.002), audible swallowing (p<0.001) and positioning (p<0.001). In the comfort item, women with infants <24 hours of life had less painful (p=0.004). The LATCH score was lower for women with previous breast surgery (p=0.005), with premature children (p=0.011) weighing less than 2,500 grams (p=0.006) and aged <24 hours of life. Conclusion The LATCH tool was useful in analyzing women's difficulties with the breastfeeding technique during the hospitalization phase, considering the characteristics of the woman and the child.

Amamentação em menores de dois anos em uma cidade da Região Amazônica / Lactancia en menores de dos años en una ciudad de la Región Amazónica / Breastfeeding in infants under two years old in a city in the Amazon Region

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a duração do aleitamento materno e os fatores associados ao desmame total de crianças de seis a 23 meses e 29 dias de idade residentes no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado durante a Campanha Nacional de Multivacinação em 2016 e Contra a Influenza em 2017. A amostra foi calculada por conglomerados. A coleta de dados foi efetuada com as mães ou os responsáveis de 679 crianças que compareceram às campanhas de vacinação e responderam a um questionário. Utilizou-se a análise de sobrevivência de Kaplan-Meier e, para os fatores associados ao desmame total, a regressão de Cox. Para todos os testes estatísticos, foi considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados O aleitamento materno foi praticado por 65,3% das crianças, cuja média de idade foi de 13,7 meses (DP± 4,9 meses). O tempo médio de desmame total foi de 16,7 meses (IC95%: 16,06 - 17,36) e a mediana de 22 meses, sendo a probabilidade de tempo de aleitamento materno até dois anos em 49,7%. Os fatores associados ao desmame total foram o tempo da experiência anterior em amamentação menor que seis meses, não praticar o aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida, uso de chupeta e mamadeira. Conclusão A duração do aleitamento materno foi abaixo do recomendado. Os fatores associados ao desmame total de crianças entre 6 e 23 meses estão relacionados à experiência materna prévia, ao início precoce da prática de amamentação e ao uso de bicos artificiais.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la duración de la lactancia materna y los factores asociados al destete total de niños de seis meses a 23 meses y 29 días de edad que viven en el municipio de Cruzeiro do Sul, en la Amazonía Occidental Brasileña. Métodos Estudio transversal, realizado durante la Campaña Nacional de Multivacunación en 2016 y Contra la Influenza en el 2017. La muestra fue calculada por conglomerados. La recopilación de datos se realizó con las madres o los responsables de 679 niños que asistieron a las campañas de vacunación y respondieron un cuestionario. Se utilizó el análisis de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier y, para los factores asociados al destete total, la regresión de Cox. Para todas las pruebas estadísticas se consideró un nivel de significación del 5 %. Resultados La lactancia materna se practicó en el 65,3 % de los niños, cuyo promedio de edad fue de 13,7 meses (DP± 4,9 meses). El tiempo promedio de destete total fue de 16,7 meses (IC95 %: 16,06 - 17,36) y la mediana de 22 meses, con una probabilidad de tiempo de lactancia materna hasta los dos años del 49,7 %. Los factores asociados al destete total fueron el tiempo de una experiencia anterior de lactancia inferior a seis meses, no practicar la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, uso de chupete y de mamadera. Conclusión La duración de la lactancia materna estuvo por debajo de lo recomendado. Los factores asociados al destete total de niños entre 6 y 23 meses están relacionados a experiencias maternas previas, al inicio precoz de la práctica de la lactancia y al uso de tetinas artificiales.

Abstract Objective To analyze the duration of breastfeeding and the factors associated with total weaning of infants aged six to 23 months and 29 days living in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, in the Brazilian Western Amazon. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted during the National Multi-Vaccination Campaign in 2016 and Against Influenza in 2017. The sample was estimated by clusters. The data was collected with the mothers or guardians of 679 infants who attended vaccination campaigns and answered a questionnaire. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used, and Cox regression was used for the factors associated with total weaning. A 5% significance level was considered for all statistical tests. Results Breastfeeding was practiced by 65.3% of the infants, whose mean age was 13.7 months (SD± 4.9 months). The mean total weaning time was 16.7 months (95% CI: 16.06 - 17.36) and the median of 22 months, which is the probability of duration of breastfeeding up to two years old in 49.7%. The factors associated with total weaning were previous breastfeeding experience for less than six months, not breastfeeding in the first hour of life, pacifier use and bottle-feeding. Conclusion The duration of breastfeeding was below the recommended. The factors associated with total weaning of infants between six and 23 months are related to previous maternal experience, early initiation of breastfeeding and the use of artificial nipples.

Construction and validation of an instrument for classifying nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVES: to construct and validate a classification of nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding, according to content and appearance. METHODS: this is a methodological study, developed in four stages: operational definition, instrument construction, content and appearance validation. The Delphi technique and a Likert-type scale were used to validate content and appearance, through the participation of ten and sixteen judges, respectively. For analysis, Content Validity Index and Kappa Coefficient were applied. RESULTS: Content Validity Index obtained an overall value of 0.93 and, for appearance, 0.94. Kappa values ranged between 0.46 and 1. The high rates of agreement among judges demonstrated the quality of the proposed content validity. CONCLUSIONS: the Nipple and Areola Complex Lesions Classification Instrument developed obtained acceptable values of its indexes, proving to be valid in terms of content and appearance.

Quasi-Experimental study of effects of lighting on rest, activity and melatonin in postpartum women.

OBJECTIVES: to compare the parameters of the activity/rest cycle of early postpartum breastfeeding women under a controlled and uncontrolled long wavelength ray light regimen. METHODS: quasi-experimental study with breastfeeding women and their babies during postnatal rooming-in, São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were allocated to either an experimental (intervention) or a comparison group. The intervention involved exposure of the woman in a controlled room with artificial long wavelength ray light at night. Each woman's level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin at 24 hours and activity/rest times was analyzed. RESULTS: the mean activity/rest times of women in the experimental and comparison groups were similar. The mean percentages of total load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin during the day and night were similar (p=0.09). At 24 hours, the experimental group presented a significantly lower mean percentage of total load compared to the comparison group (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: women who stayed in the room with long-wavelength artificial light showed no difference in activity/rest and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in the early postpartum period.

Food diversity among indigenous children from two municipalities of the Brazilian Western Amazon. / Diversidade alimentar de crianças indígenas de dois municípios da Amazônia Ocidental brasileira.

Our aim was to explore the feeding practices of indigenous children younger than two years old, living in Cruzeiro do Sul and Mâncio Lima, in Acre, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with indigenous children of the Katukina (Cruzeiro do Sul), Nukini, Nawa and Poyanawa (Mâncio Lima) ethnicities in October 2013. We used a structured questionnaire on the food consumption of the day before the collection, based on the food indicators proposed by the Ministry of Health. A total of 94 children (50% Katukina, 27% Poyanawa, 13% Nukini, and 10% Nawa) were studied. Among children under 6 months of age, although the majority was breastfed, 42.1% drank water, 15.8%, savory food, and 11.1%, local cuisine. In the age groups of 6 to 12 months and 13 to 23 months, a high consumption of ultra-processed foods was identified (52.6% and 28.6% respectively), while the consumption of complementary food was insufficient (33% of fruits and 25% of savory food between 6 and 13 months, and 41.2% of fruits and 19.6% of savory food between 13 and 23 months). The feeding profile of these indigenous children was inadequate for their age, revealing a concerning situation for this population.

Objetivou-se explorar a prática alimentar das crianças indígenas de zero a dois anos, residentes nos municípios de Cruzeiro do Sul e Mâncio Lima no Acre. Realizou-se estudo transversal com crianças indígenas das etnias Katukina (Cruzeiro do Sul), Nukini, Nawa e Poyanawa (Mâncio Lima) em outubro de 2013. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado sobre o consumo alimentar do dia anterior à coleta, baseado nos indicadores alimentares propostos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Estudou-se 94 crianças (50% da etnia Katukina, 27% Poyanawa, 13% Nukini e 10% da Nawa). As crianças menores de 6 meses de idade, apesar da maioria receber leite materno, 42,1% delas consumiam água, 15,8% comida de sal e 11,1% preparados típicos da região. Nas faixas de idade de 6 a 12 meses e 13 a 23 meses identificou-se um alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (52,6% e 28,6% respectivamente) enquanto que o consumo de alimentos complementares relevou-se insuficiente (33% de frutas e 25% de comida de sal na faixa de 6 a 13 meses e 41,2% de frutas e 19,6% de comida de sal na faixa de 13 a 23 meses). O perfil alimentar das crianças indígenas mostrou-se inadequado para a idade, refletindo uma situação preocupante na saúde infantil desta população.

Breastfeeding Practices and Problems Among Obese Women Compared with Nonobese Women in a Brazilian Hospital.

Background: Women who are obese have lower rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration and are less likely to breastfeed exclusively compared with women who are not obese. To develop programs to improve breastfeeding practices among this group of women, we investigated the association between maternal obesity and breastfeeding practices and problems in the first days postpartum. Methods: We analyzed medical records from postpartum women at a rooming-in maternity ward in State of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2016 and 2018. We included those who had intended to exclusively breastfeed, had given birth to a singleton and were admitted to rooming-in. We analyzed exclusive breastfeeding and nonexclusive breastfeeding each day of hospitalization and the presence of breastfeeding problems, comparing women in the obese category (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) to normal and overweight women (≥18.6 to ≤29.9 kg/m2). Results: Two hundred and twenty-four postpartum women participated, including 86 women in the obese category. More than 50% of women with obesity reported a breastfeeding problem in the first and second postpartum days (p = 0.026 and p = 0.017, respectively) compared with the 41% and 38% nonobese group. Children of obese women were 2.8 times more likely to have poor latch during breastfeeding (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-6.10) compared with the nonobese group on the third day. Conclusion: Maternal obesity increased the probability of breastfeeding difficulties and nonexclusive breastfeeding at discharge. Professionals need to support breastfeeding techniques in the days immediate after delivery to improve breastfeeding outcomes for mothers with obesity.

The impact of coronavirus outbreak on breastfeeding guidelines among Brazilian hospitals and maternity services: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recognizes exclusive breastfeeding a safe source of nutrition available for children in most humanitarian emergencies, as in the current pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite the Brazilian national guideline protecting breastfeeding practices, there are many concerns about protecting infants from their infected mothers. This study aimed to analyze how the Brazilian hospitals and maternity services promote and support mothers suspected or diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional and multicenter study which collected data from 24 Brazilian hospitals and maternity services between March and July 2020. Representatives of the institutions completed a questionnaire based on acts to promote and support breastfeeding, the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, and Brazil's federal law recommendations. RESULTS: The results showed that in delivery rooms, 98.5% of the services prohibited immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their infants and did not support mothers to initiate breastfeeding in the first hour. On the postnatal ward, 98.5% of the services allowed breastfeeding while implementing respiratory hygiene practices to prevent transmission of COVID-19. Companions for mothers were forbidden in 83.3% of the hospitals. Hospital discharge was mostly between 24 and 28 h (79.1%); discharge guidelines were not individualized. Additionally, a lack of support was noticed from the home environment's health community network (83.3%). Hospital and home breast pumping were allowed (87.5%), but breast milk donation was not accepted (95.8%). There was a lack of guidance regarding the use of infant comforting strategies. Guidelines specific for vulnerable populations were not covered in the material evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, hospitals have not followed recommendations to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding during the COVID-19 outbreak. The disagreement between international guidelines has been a major issue. The absence of recommendations on breastfeeding support during the pandemic led to difficulties in developing standards among hospitals in different regions of Brazil and other countries worldwide. The scientific community needs to discuss how to improve maternal and infant care services to protect breastfeeding in the current pandemic.